There is also LSD although from memory I think this detector is intended for real world images but either should be fine. OpenCV has a function which you can use for this: HoughLinesP. I would suggest using a probabilistic Hough transform to detect the line segments. If you choose to constrain the problem to just look for straight lines in an image and generate a dxf file containing those lines then I think that should be achievable. I don't have any specific recommendations here but there will be python libraries available for it The problem of extracting text from images, called OCR (Optical character recognition).There are very good libraries such as openCV and scikit-image with implementations of computer vision algorithms which you may find useful.The general problem of understanding the content of images is the field of 'computer vision'.You asked for where to start so I will give you an overview of where you might want to look: I don't want to discourage you but this is a very challenging problem. At that point, constructing a dxf file from the geometry is almost trivial in comparison. The main challenge will be extracting the geometry from the image.
A bitmap image consists of pixels not geometric objects such as lines. It depends on what you want the scope of the problem to be.
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